Category: Science (Page 2 of 2)

Imagine: How Creativity Works by Jonah Lehrer

“Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once we grow up.” -Picasso

For those striving to create in any capacity of life, it is often helpful to track down a good book on the particular topic by someone experienced. I’ve blogged about books on creative writing, and underscored the fact that plenty of books on the topic retrace the same territory again and again, making the reading of an essential and exceptional book on the subject more of a necessity. But even after owning and reading a remarkable book on a creative subject, there is no substitute for sitting down and doing the work, or, as Annie Dillard says in The Writing Life, letting the blank page teach you.

Still, even when we are before the blank page, canvas, or even a business meeting yet to begin, much more is going on internally than we realize. Being a good steward of our own mental faculties and/or of those with whom we work during a project is crucial for creativity to take place. We can attempt to create all day long; and again, a book on our particular area of focus is often helpful, but such books rarely address the minutiae, details, and difficulties that take place in the work of creating. Jonah Lehrer’s Imagine: How Creativity Works fills this gap in terms of books about creativity.

Quite possibly my favorite book of 2012, Imagine is a book that reads so well I felt like I was watching a good documentary. Make no mistake about it: this book is for everyone. From the businessperson to the theater director, writer to computer programmer, Imagine weaves together what all of us have in common as people trying to do something original. Lehrer highlights the fact that there is no special creative gene, but that our creative capacity is something we are all born with and that many of us leave untapped.

In terms of our untapped potential, Imagine is a book on the neuroscience of creativity, but fear not laypeople, Lehrer is such a good writer and his prose so clean and lucid that the chapters on the brain are utterly fascinating. Alongside the parts about the brain, Lehrer interviews and researches a great number of people from all walks of the creative life: Bob Dylan, Yo-Yo Ma, surfer Clay Marzo, and the creative team of Pixar to name a few, making Imagine an expansive and encompassing look at the work of creativity.

One thing you will learn is the necessity of mental blocks, and how relaxation or focusing on another topic altogether allows for an insight. For me, if I am stuck on a story that just won’t work, I’ll break out my manual on auto repair and mess around with the tubes, valves, and belts on my car. When we are trying to create, working on something completely unrelated to our project allows us to make a connection that we otherwise would not have made when we stick close to the subject that is giving us a hard time.

Lehrer shows how some companies urge their employees to take breaks involving napping, ping-pong, or even a stint in another department unrelated to their own in order to give them space from their work. Doing this allows room for necessary connections and insights. For example, those employees struggling with computer programming would be moved to a department such as model trains. To encounter something so completely different from one’s area of expertise provides a different perspective. We see how model trains work, and so we apply those principles to our area of expertise, which often leads to a connection we did not see previously because the characteristics of our subject did not allow for such a window.

Lehrer covers a whole spectrum of matters in the work of creativity. I hope you will purchase this book and apply it to your own life. We are all here to build and to create, and Lehrer has provided a window by which to see our potential and to step into the necessary actions to cultivate our creative drives. I’m not sure I’ve read a better book this year.  -Ellis

Enjoy Jonah Lehrer’s book trailer on Imagine: How Creativity Works.

Read more. Check out Jonah’s website: www.jonahlehrer.com

Science Ink

Dear Listener,

I recently stumbled into a book club with my coworker Ellis.  Although we are still waiting to discuss it, we both read Outer Dark by Cormac McCarthy.  Every time I read Cormac McCarthy I go into a non-fiction marathon.  After reading any book by Cormac McCarthy, I can’t really stomach fiction for a while.  It is after reading McCarthy when I read culture books and science books and history books.  I began by ordering a book about time travel and a book about fascism.  As I waited I pushed through John Jeremiah Sullivan’s Pulphead.  (You can see Anna’s blog on Pulphead here.)  It was then I stumbled upon the recent book by science writer Carl Zimmer called Science Ink.  The synopsis on the back cover is such:

In 2007, writer Carl Zimmer began noticing that more and more scientists were sporting science tattoos.  Fascinated, he reached out via his blog, “The Loom,” and began to receive a steady stream of tattoo images, along with compelling personal stories about the designs.  In Science Ink, Zimmer has collected more than 300 of these thought-provoking tattoos.  Expanding on the stories of each one, he deftly explores the science behind the ink and reveals the passions and obsessions of science lovers around the world.

I think my interests in the book have changed.  I first opened it up to flip through it, curious of the tattoos. In that sitting, I just scanned the tattoos, which are all incredibly interesting.  It was my second trip through the book that really grabbed my interest.  I realized that most of these people are brilliant.  With tattoos.  Not vagrants or criminals, but scientists.  What is more interesting is how Zimmer “expands on the stories.”  While reading through it, he is actually covering hundreds of subjects that relate to science and mathematics.  Here is an example from one of my favorites:

Ben Ewen-Campen, a graduate student in evolutionary biology at Harvard, sports a “DNA ladder.”  The ladder is produced by electrophoresis, a technique used to analyze DNA molecules.  The tattoo is made with black-light-sensetive ink, glowing in the ultraviolet just like real DNA in some electrophoresis kits.  “The fact that it looks like a barcode from a futuristic dystopic society is an accident,” he writes.

Most of the tattoos are creatively beautiful.  Even without color, they are so interesting, they are still beautiful.  A  tattoo of fulvic acid is another one of my favorites:

I got this tattoo as an homage to the pain of my graduate work,” writes Corey Ptak.  “It’s a model of fulvic acid, which is a representation of natural organic matter in the soil.  I work with this molecule for my grad work, and I figured I might as well get it etched into my skin so I can look at it and say, ‘Well, ate least it hurt less that grad school at Cornell.'”

A tattoo of a dodo belongs to Cecilia Hennsessy who is working on her Ph.D. in wildlife population genetics.  The H2O molecule belongs to Jerry O’Rourke measures and predicts stream flow.  Dirac’s equation belongs to Melinda Soares who studied physics at the University of California, Ssanta Cruz.  Anastasia Gonchar is getting her Ph.D. in chemical physics at the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society in Germany, and she has a tattoo of pi orbitals.  It seems like every entry is like this.  Some of the science is very advanced, but much like tattoos, Zimmer holds no pretension.

Whether you consider every person with a tattoo a vagrant or a criminal, maybe they’re just a scientist.  Or a doctor.

by Simon

The Tell-Tale Brain

by Kelly Pickerill

I read V. S. Ramachandran’s book Phantoms in the Brain several years ago, and though I’ve always been drawn to science writing for the layman, this book was a bonafide page turner. Like Oliver Sacks, Ramachandran uses strange cases and patients that he’s worked with to talk about how our brains work. In fact, one of the unique qualities of neurological science, what makes it different than, say, chemistry or physics, is that without the anomalies, without something going wrong, it’s nearly impossible to explain cognitive behavior and function. For this reason, neurological science is still basically in its infancy; in the past three decades there have been more leaps and breakthroughs than ever before. Neuroscience is beginning to have something to add to the discussion about human beings that was previously the realm of the philosopher — why we act as we do, why some of us are more creative than others, why we’re social beings, why we developed language, how we perceive beauty, how religion developed.

In his new book, The Tell-Tale Brain, these are the discussions that Ramachandran adds to; revisiting some of his cases from his earlier books and presenting some new cases, he uses his cases of amputees with phantom limbs to demonstrate the brain’s capacity for change, he uses cases of people with synesthesia, or a blending of the senses, such as someone who can “taste” music, to theorize about where our creativity comes from, and he investigates the properties of a nerve cell that may be one of the most crucial to humans — the cause of our social nature, our development of language — these cells allow us to empathize with one another and adopt another’s point of view.

Ramachandran’s books are very readable and fascinating; I’ve just begun his new one, published at the first of the year, and I already find myself wanting to remember the details of this or that case so I can talk about what they taught me about how I am.

mittens made of skin

“My mind is bent to tell of bodies changed to other forms.”

– OVID, Metamorphoses

welcome to the wonderful world of mutants.  this book jumped out at me several months ago while i was looking for a book for a customer in the science section (a section i don’t get to spend much time in).  while science in general doesn’t usually pique my interest, mutations and deformities do.

i’ll admit that some of the information in this book is over my head as i was not a very good student and remember nothing from my high school science classes.  mutants goes through several different genetic disorders explaining the history behind them and the genetic process which our bodies go through to cause the deformities.

“Some of us, by chance, are born with an unusually large number of mildly deleterious mutations, while others are born with rather few.  And some of us, by chance, are born with just one mutation of devastating effect where most of us are not.  Who, then, are the mutants?  There can be only one answer, and it is one that is consistent with out everyday experience of the normal and the pathological.  We are all mutants.  But some of us are more mutant than  other.”

who isn’t fascinated by conjoined twins?

how about limbs with no bones?

or what about hands with an extra set of fingers?

“The single eye of a cyclopic child is the external sign of a disorder that reaches deep within the skull.  All normal vertebrates have split brains.  We, most obviously, have left and right cerebral hemispheres that we invoke when speaking of our left or right ‘brains’.  Cyclopic infants do not.  Instead of two distinct cerebral hemispheres, two optic lobes and two olofactory lobes, their forebrains are fused into an apparently indivisible whole.  Indeed, clinicians call this whole spectrum of birth defects the ‘holoprosencephaly series’, from the Greek: holo – whole, prosencephalon – forebrain.  It is, in all its manifestations, the most common brain deformity in humans, afflicting 1 in 16,000 live-born children and 1 in 200 miscarried foetuses.”

1 in every 200 miscarriages is a cyclops.  damn.

“Neck lobes, however, occur not only in goats but also, albeit rarely, in humans.  In 1858 a British physician by the name of Birkett published a short paper describing a seven-year-old girl who had been brought to him with a pair protruding stiffly from either side of her neck.  The girl had had them since birth.  Birkett was not sure what they were, but he cut them off anyway and put them under the microscope, where he discovered that they were auricles-an extra pair of external ears.”

“At day 37 after conception our extremities are as webbed as the feet of a duck.  Over the next few days the cells in the webs die (as they do not in ducks) so that our digits may live free.  Should a foetus have too much FGF signalling in its limbs, cells that should die don’t.  Such a foetus, or rather the child it becomes, has fingers and toes bound together so that the hand or foot looks as if it is wearing a mitten made of skin.”

by Zita

Blind Descent by James Tabor

Blind DescentRemember when I mentioned there was a good adventury book about cave divers coming out in June? Well, June’s here and so is Blind Descent by James Tabor. If you read Into Thin Air by Jon Krakauer, this is very similar, just…opposite. The two teams of climbers in Into Thin Air headed up the same mountain, to a known goal, an established elevation, along prepared paths. The two teams of cave divers in Blind Descent search for their own caves on opposite of the globes, looking for new routes to greater and greater depths, with no way of knowing if the dead end would come within 10 feet or 1000 feet.

Another contrast I found interesting is that the struggle for the Everest climbers seemed to be mostly physical — the body simply isn’t designed to operate well at that altitude, with so little oxygen, and the combination of the physical strain and the mountain storms brought even the fittest athletes to the edge of survival. But the cave divers face something else — not simply the physical effort of climbing down thousands of feet, but the psychological weight of stepping off into thousand foot drops, with nothing but a rope and harness holding one in place. The divers would dig paths through channels so narrow one arm had to be extended straight forward to dig out the dirt, the other arm wedged tight against the body, or swim through underground lakes with a solid rock ceiling extending to the water’s surface, pulling 100+ pounds of equipment with them, the disturbed silt making visibility no further than arm’s reach.

Cave

I don’t want to reveal anything about the personalities and efforts of the two teams — that’s the great pleasure of the book, really, finding out what kind of driven-to-the-point-of-obsession person it takes to push oneself and others into these unknown caverns, as well as the sadness of the book, as the physical strain and psychological battle tears down those divers who were not up to the task. I’ll simply say this: Tabor does an excellent job laying the groundwork, filling out his cast of characters and then setting up the race to the center of the earth. Sometimes the names of the caves and locations got a bit jumbled in my head, but that may be the fault of this reader rather than the writer, and in the end, it’s not really necessary to be able to locate each cave on a map — I always understood enough to keep pace with the progress of each team.

Krakauer remains the standard-bearer for this genre (and imitators are plenty), but James Tabor does a commendable job here. This was a book that I read obsessively for 3 days, reading sections aloud to my wife, and then immediately passed to her to read when I was finished. Well worth the time.

The Genius in All of Us by David Shenk

Hello, my name is John–Phillips for those who might be confused. This being my first mark on the blog I wanted to introduce myself.  If you have been in the store the last month or so, I am the new beard on the block trying to learn the ropes. I have greatly enjoyed working here so far and can say that my short time here has been better than most any job I have had in the past. I only anticipate it getting better as I continue to learn about the store, the people that work here and all of the pages that fill the walls.

A week or so ago I finished reading The Genius in All of Us by David Shenk.  Because of the title, I was a bit suspect of the contents; but I was pleasantly surprised by the work once I got into it.  David Shenk is a journalist has published five other books before this one concerning everything from chess in The Imortal Game, to Alzheimer’s disease in The Forgetting, and information technology in Data Smog and The End of Patience. In this particular book he did a wonderful job of compiling the work of experts and articulating this work for our benefit, especially for a subject that involves a vast amount of opinions and beliefs. In just over a hundred pages, and a hundred more or so in evidence and citations, he is able to speak clearly concerning this highly complex subject of “genius.”

It has long been the belief of many since the days of Gregor Mendel and his peas that genius or “giftedness” in any area is a direct product of the genes of their parents DNA. After all that is the reason a six year-old can play Chopin or professional athletes can run fast and jump high, right? It is this very presumption that Shenk takes by the horns arguing that genes are a leaping pad not a ceiling. He discusses the myths and sidetracks that caused the majority of the public to believe that they can’t only because they do not have the “gift.” For every sidetrack and presumption he has solid research and experiments to prove otherwise. He does a decent enough job of not telling everybody they are going to be the next Einstein or Lance Armstrong. You may not personally agree with all of his conclusions in the book, I didn’t, but as far as the primary point that genes do not completely determine one’s ability, he is solid; and it is an argument worth reading.

Coming from a background in music and art, I can say that there is a group of people that never bought into “giftedness” as success in the arts. That would be the masters themselves because they know that they are good at what they do not because they were given graceful hands or fast fingers or some magic force that allows them to draw, but it is because they practice. Practice, Practice, Practice. This is the main conclusion that the author points towards with fine research and pleasant narrative, all except for a misuse of Leonardo Da Vinci’s  name every now and then; but hey, Dan Brown got away with it. This book is not an exhaustive study of genius or a complete explanation of why certain people do what they do; and Shenk does not say that everyone can be a master at everything, only that the majority of us are not living at the edge of our capabilities. Something I know is true in myself and something I wish to change. This book is a great spur to work hard at what you do, and not feel limited by what you believe are your “natural” limitations.

-John P.

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